![]() D) Representative time-course of an ectodermal cell expressing LifeAct-GFP (magenta) adhered to the surface of an endodermal aggregate expressing DsRed2 (green) (n = 10 from 7 independent sample preparations). C) Representative time-course of an ectodermal aggregate expressing DsRed2 (magenta) internalizing a single endodermal cell expressing GFP (green). B) Schematic of cell internalization assay using micromanipulation. ![]() All rights reserved.Ī) Schematic of the Hydra body plan depicting the organization of ectodermal and endodermal lineages in concentric monolayers. Hydra cell adhesion cell polarity cell sorting epithelia regeneration self-organization wound healing.Ĭopyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. Together, our data suggest that differing propensities for epithelialization can sort cell types into distinct compartments to build and restore complex tissue architecture. We find that collective spreading of the ectoderm and persistent de-epithelialization in the endoderm also arise during local wounding in Hydra, suggesting that Hydra's wound-healing and self-organization capabilities may employ similar mechanisms. These non-epithelialized aggregates, like isolated cells of all lineages, are adherent passengers for engulfment by the ectodermal epithelium. In contrast, aggregated endodermal cells persistently lose epithelial features. Ectodermal cell collectives adopt their position at the aggregate exterior by rapidly reforming an epithelium that engulfs cells adhered to its surface through a collective spreading behavior. This reveals that cells of the same lineage can adopt opposing positions when sorting as individuals or a collective. Although sorting has previously been attributed to intrinsic differences between the epithelial lineages, we find that single cells of all lineages sort to the interior of ectodermal aggregates, including single ectodermal cells. To dissect this process, we use micromanipulation to position single cells of diverse lineages on the surface of defined multicellular aggregates and monitor sorting outcomes by live imaging. The cellular features and behaviors that distinguish ectodermal and endodermal lineages to drive sorting have not been fully elucidated. ![]() Reassembly begins by sorting two epithelial cell types, endoderm and ectoderm, into inner and outer layers, respectively. Hydra vulgaris exhibits a remarkable capacity to reassemble its body plan from a disordered aggregate of cells.
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